By: Siyu Ji
Abstract
This
report is over a survey, including both online and paper versions, on Texas
Tech University students’ attitudes towards cell phone use while driving. The
goal of this survey was to determine whether the responses of Texas Tech
University students in our survey would be accordant with what had been found
and stated by other researchers from previous studies, and to propose the best
feasible solutions to solve relevant issues that we found from the survey. We
sought a total of 229 Americans, 124 of them females and 105 of them males, to
be our survey participants, and then input the data we collected into Excel. All
six hypotheses we made have been confirmed. In order to decrease the potential
highway safety threats, based on the results we got from our survey, we finally
proposed three best feasible solutions for corresponding issues: (1) educate
young people, especially those whose ages are less than 22, and introduce them the potential driving safety threat that would
be caused by using cell phones while driving as early as possible; (2)
encourage people who seldom or never used cell
phones while driving, to recommend people around them, like their friends,
relatives, lovers, etc., not to use cell phones while driving; and (3) ask the
government to use billboards, which say, “USE CELL PHONES AND DRIVE. DIE”, along the side of the road, to inhibit cell phone use while driving.
Introduction
The development of
mobile telephone technology goes back as far as the 1940s. The basic technology
for today’s cellular phone systems was developed in the United States in the
1970s. Full commercial use in the United States began in 1983 (Alleyne, 2011).
With the number of cell phone users exponentially increasing in recent years,
today an estimated 80 million persons own cellular telephones (Lang, 2015).
Because of how dependent the college-aged generation is on mobile phones and
social networking (Bjornsen, 2015), our team would like to figure out what
Texas Tech University (hereafter referred to as TTU) students’ attitudes are
toward cell phone usage in their daily life, and how cell phone use, traffic
safety, GPA of TTU students (Matchan, 2015), and social interaction (Gross,
2014) are related to each other.
Since the rapid
expansion in the use of cell phones and other mobile technology has led to
concerns that their use in motor vehicles constitutes a growing
highway safety threat (Strayer, et al., n. d.)., I will highlight
the connection between cell phone use while driving and traffic safety in my
own survey. Although the effect of cell phone use on traffic safety is unknown,
cell phone conversation while driving still potentially contributes to the
increasing number of traffic accidents in recent years (Drews, et al., 2004).
Recent surveys have proposed several arguments based on their data. For
example, the use of cell phones could turn into an addictive habit, some people
used cell phones to lift their mood and they would panic or get angry if they
did not have access to their phone (Kowalski, 2014); the percentage of cell
phone talking had decreased from 2011 to 2013, while the percentage of texting
had increased (Wilkinson, 2015); males use phones more for navigation while
females use them more for social conversation during driving (Wilkinson, 2015);
and teens are more likely to text while driving since they thought that texting
while driving was less dangerous than drunken driving (Copeland, 2010; Wallace,
2015 June). In order to evaluate whether these arguments are true or not for
TTU students, we created a survey and asked a total of about 229 TTU students
to participate in the test.
The goals of testing
were dual. First, it was initiated to determine whether TTU students are
consistent with mega trends — would their performance in the test be the same
as that of other participants in previous tests? Second, the test is conducted
to prepare a prioritized list of the actual problems hidden under the
connection between cell phone usage while driving and traffic safety threat.
Literature
review and Hypothesis
In 2014, Kowalski
discovered that the use of cell phones could turn into an addictive habit. She
found that some people used cell phones to lift their mood, and they would
panic or get angry if they did not have access to their phones. Since more and
more technical smartphones came out, and since there was rapid expansion in the
use of cell phones, I believed that TTU students would also quite rely on their
cell phones, and will say that they will feel insecure, unsafe or even get
annoyed when their cell phones get out of services.
Wilkinson
(2015) proposed that the percentage of cell phone talking while driving
decreased from 2011 to 2013; however, the percentage of texting while driving
increased. Since this is the mega trend in the United States, I guessed this
would also be the same among TTU students. Thus I assumed that more TTU
students would answer they preferred texting to talking while driving in our
questionnaire.
I was also curious about
whether there were any differences that existed in texting while driving
between males and females. I didn’t find any reliable or valuable references
correlated to this problem. But based on my own life experiences, I supposed
that females would more likely be texters than males. I thought I would have
more female drivers respond that they prefer texting while driving than male
drivers in our questionnaire.
Wilkinson (2015) also
proposed that female drivers had cell phone conversations and texting more than
male drivers, while male drivers used cell phones while driving more for
navigation. I supposed that, as Americans, TTU students had received similar
education in the United States, and they should perform consistently with other
Americans. Based on this assumption, I thought in our survey, TTU male students
would say they used cell phones more for navigation while driving; however, TTU
female students would respond they used cell phones more for conversations when
they drove.
Copeland (2010) found
that teens whose ages were from 14 to 17 were more likely to text while
driving, since they thought that texting while driving was less dangerous than
drunken driving. As teenagers, from all over the world, generally lack safety
awareness, I thought it would also be true for TTU students. Therefore, I
believed that TTU students would underestimate the danger of texting while
driving.
Seo and Torabi (2004)
established their conclusion based on the data they had collected. They commented
that students who seldom or never used cell phones while driving had the
strongest attitudes against cell phone usage while driving, whereas students
who frequently checked their phones while driving held the lowest level of
attitudes against using cell phone while driving. Since all American students
have received the same type of education, I guessed that TTU students would
have the same performance about their attitudes against cell phone usage while
driving. Although I would not imagine how many of our survey participants would
respond they never used cell phones while driving, I believed that these guys
who never used phones while driving would strongly think it was dangerous or
wrong to use cell phones while driving.
I was also curious
whether people who do check or use their cell phones while
driving would perform differently under different conditions or not. For this
issue, I didn’t find any reliable references. However, based on my own life
experience, people would check phones more when there was less traffic around,
I believed that the data from our survey would show that when people drove on
an open road they would check or use cell phones more frequently than when they
drove in Lubbock city.
Methodology
The survey was conducted
to investigate what TTU students’ attitudes were toward cell phone usage in
their daily lives, and how cell phone use, traffic safety, GPA of TTU students
and social interaction were related to each other. Since the rapid expansion in
the use of cell phones and other mobile technology has led to concerns that
their use in motor vehicles constitutes a growing highway safety threat
(Strayer, et al., n. d.), I wanted to focus more on the connection between cell
phone use while driving and traffic safety. I wanted to know the answers of
these following questions.
First, were TTU students addicted to their cell
phones? How would they feel when their phones died (been out of service)? Would
they panic or get angry when they could not get access to their phones?
Second, did TTU students prefer texting to
calling? Were there any differences existing between females and males?
Third, what were the purposes for TTU students
in using cell phones while driving? Were there any differences between males
and females?
Fourth, what were TTU students’ attitudes toward
cell phone use while driving? Did any differences exist between teenagers and
adults?
Fifth, was the comment “students who seldom or
never used cell phones while driving had the strongest attitudes against cell
phone usage while driving, whereas students who frequently checked their phones
while driving held the lowest level of attitudes against using cell phone while
driving”, proposed by Seo and Torabi (2004), consistent for TTU students?
Sixth, if any of TTU students checked their
phones while driving, how often did they check their phones? Were there any
differences among various conditions, such as driving on the open road and
driving in Lubbock?
Before we actually
started the survey, our writing class students had a discussion about how to
carry out this survey. We intended to conduct the survey as a whole; however,
half of us were interested in the cell phone usage, while others preferred
studying peoples’ opinions about intercultural marriage. To be fair and keep
the balance, as a result, we made a questionnaire, in both paper form and
online form, which included five questions asking about the background of the
target individual, fifteen questions about cell phone usage in daily life and
twelve questions about people’s standpoints on intercultural marriage. The
online form questionnaire was put on a website called “Survey Planet”.
Prior to any individual
participating in any sort of investigation, we made an agreement about the
necessary qualifications for target participants of the survey. Each of our
writing class students agreed to find at least twelve participants in total.
All of these twelve participants should be Americans, and where they came from
didn’t matter, which meant the locations of our target participants’ hometowns
wouldn’t affect the results of our survey. As our time and geographical limit
on conducting this survey, we could only seek our target participants in
Lubbock, whether on the TTU campus or off the TTU campus but still in Lubbock.
Six of them should be females and another six of them should be males. The ages
of the survey participants were not limited, which meant the ages of the survey
participants might cover a range as large as possible.
Testing took place
through March 28-April 7, 2016 in Lubbock. For the online form questionnaires,
the website collected the data for us. For the paper form questionnaires, our
writing class students collected them and input the answers for those questions
into the website. But there was one unavoidable issue when we input those
answers. When these participants filled in the paper form questionnaires, they
had the opportunity to avoid any questions that they were not willing to
respond to. However, when we input these responses, the website did not allow
us to leave it blank in any responses to the questions; thus, we, the data
inputters, subjectively filled in these blanks based on our own experiences,
and this caused the unreliability and invalidity of some of the data.
We eventually got 229
responses in total, and Survey Planet (the website we used) generated
statistics and graphs based on the data we had collected for us.
Results
There were 229
participants in total taking part in this survey. 105 of them (45.9%) were
male; 124 of them (54.1%) were female. As we did not put a limit on the ages of
the survey participants, we got a large age range of these participants, and
the questionnaire we made divided them into five groups, shown in the following
figure (Figure 1). From the figure we can see more than half of the total
participants fell in the age range of 18 to 22.
Figure 1. Age range of
the survey participants.
Kowalski (2014) stated
that the use of cell phones can turn into an addictive habit, since she had
found that some people used cell phones to lift their mood and they would panic
or get angry if they could not have access to their phone. And the data we collected
from our questionnaires showed that Lubbock people behaved in the same way as
what Kowalski had concluded. Our data showed that only 31 out of 229 (13.5%)
participants said they had no feelings when they could not get access to their
phones. However, all the other participants would panic or get angry when they
had the same situations. From figure 2 we can see, over half of our
participants (58.5%) said they felt annoyed when their phones had died; 93 out
of 229 (40.6%) of our participants said they felt insecure, unsafe or even like
they had lost their limbs when they could not use their phones.
Figure 2. Peoples’
feelings when they do not have access to their phones.
We used to believe that
people would prefer texting to talking recently, based on the conclusion that
the percentage of cell phone talking had decreased from 2011 to 2013, while the
percentage of texting had increased, which was proposed by Wilkinson in 2015.
And the data we collected confirmed this (Figure 3). Our data showed that 126
out of 229 participants preferred texting over calling, and 103 of them said
they liked calling more. Although the ratio of people who prefer texting to
people who prefer calling is 55%:45%, which is nearly half to half, it still
showed the facts that more people liked texting better, which is accordant with
our assumption.
Figure 3. Ratio of
people prefer texting to people prefer calling.
We also thought that
females would more likely be texters than males. This supposition was
constructed based on our own experiences, and no reliable references had been
found. Our data (Figure 4) showed the fact that our assumption was concordant
with Lubbock people’s behaviors. From this figure, we can see, 45.7% of male
survey participants preferred calling than texting, while 62.9% of female
participants preferred texting more. The contrast between male texters and
female texters was obvious, and it confirmed our assumption that females would
more likely be texters.
Figure 4. Percentage
ratio of male texters vs. female texters.
Based on the conclusion made
by Wilkinson in 2015, in which he proposed that female drivers have cell phone
conversations and texting more than male drivers, while male drivers use cell
phone while driving more for navigation, we believed that Lubbock people would
report similarly to this comment. The data we collected kept consistency with
Wilkinson’s comments. 95 out of 105 males (90.5%) used cell phones for
navigation during driving, while only 68 out of 124 females (54.8%) used cell
phones for navigation during driving. 66 out of 105 males (62.9%) reported
having cell phone conversations while driving; however, 86 out of 124 females
(69.4%) used cell phones for texting and speaking when they drove a vehicle.
And figure 5 gave us the obvious contrast of purposes of using cell phones
while driving between males and females. Both the figure and the numbers we had
supported the idea that Lubbock peoples’ behaviors kept consistency with what
Wilkinson had proposed in 2015.
Figure 5. Purposes of
males vs. females in using cell phones while driving.
The discovery found by
Copeland in 2010 showed that teens whose ages are from 14 to 17 were more
likely to text while driving, since they thought that texting while driving was
less dangerous than drunken driving. As only one of our participants fell in
the age range of less than 18, we decided to compare Lubbock people’s attitudes
toward cell phone use while driving by dividing them into two groups: group A
included people whose ages fell in the range of less than 22, and group B
included people whose had ages greater than 22. And as Q13 in our questionnaire
had more complex choices rather than simple yes/no, we also decided to divide
these responses into two types: type I included always, usually, and often, and
type II included sometimes and not generally. The data we collected confirmed
Copeland’s conclusion. 33 out of 122 of group A participants (27%), whose ages
were less than 22, rarely thought using cell phones while driving was
dangerous. However, only 17 out of 107 of group B participants (16%), whose
ages fell in the age range of greater than 22, rarely thought that cell phone
using while driving was wrong.
Figure 6. The frequency that
Lubbock people felt it was dangerous or wrong to use cell phones while driving.
Seo
and Torabi proposed that students who seldom or never used phones while driving
had the strongest attitudes against cell phone usage while driving, whereas
students who frequently checked their phones while driving held the lowest
level of attitudes against using cell phone while driving, in 2004. We believed
the comment made by Seo and Torabi would be true for Lubbock people, which
means we thought that Lubbock people who seldom or never used cell phones while
driving would strongly disagree with using cell phones while driving since they
would constantly feel it was wrong to use phones while driving. And the data we
got from our questionnaires confirmed that our assumption was true. 12 out of
13 people (92.3%) who never use cell phones while driving constantly felt it
was wrong or dangerous to use cell phones while driving. Although we only had
13 out of 124 participants who never use cell phones when they drove vehicles,
which might make the data not strongly reliable, we could still believe what
Seo and Torabi had proposed, that people who seldom or never used while driving
had the strongest attitudes against cell phone usage while driving, was
consistent for Lubbock people.
Figure 7. The frequency
of people who never use cell phones while driving and felt it was dangerous or
wrong using cell phone while driving.
We assumed that people
who did check or use their cell phones while driving would perform differently
under different conditions, which means we believed that when people drove on
an open road they would check or use cell phones more frequently than when they
drove in Lubbock city. This assumption was just made based on our own
experiences; no reliable or valuable references had been found. And the
statistics and graphs we got from the website we used proved our hypothesis was
true for Lubbock people. From the following two figures (Figure 8, 9), we can
see that, while driving in Lubbock city, only 5 out of 229 participants (2.2%)
checked their phones a lot, and only 70 out of 229 participants (30.5%)
occasionally used their phones. However, when they drove vehicles on an open
road, the numbers increased. 11 out of 229 participants (4.8%) used cell phones
a lot while driving, and 101 out of 229 participants (44.1%) used cell phones
while driving occasionally.
Figure 8. The frequency
of Lubbock people checking cell phones while driving in Lubbock city.
Figure 9. The frequency
of Lubbock people checking cell phones while driving on an open road.
In conclusion, all of
our five hypotheses, whether they were made based on the conclusions by other
authors previously or were made just by our own experiences and no reliable
references had been found, had been confirmed to be consistent with Lubbock people’s
attitudes and behaviors.
Discussion
On a general scale, the
results of our survey revealed that people became more and more addicted to
their cell phones, and they would panic or even get angry when they could not
get access to their phones. And this addiction to cell phones became even more
serious in the situation of driving vehicles. People would not put their phones
down while driving. Instead, they would continue using their cell phones for
various reasons, such as navigation, texting, calling, listening to music, etc.
And this behavior of people does potentially constitute a growing highway safety threat. Besides these two conclusions, we
also found out these following findings:
First, students whose
ages were less than 22 were more likely to use cell phones while driving, since
they rarely thought using cell phones while driving was dangerous. This
conclusion we made is accordant with the discovery found by Copeland in 2010,
in which he stated that teens were more likely to text while driving, since
they thought that texting while driving was less dangerous than drunken
driving. It is obvious that younger generations have less awareness of the
possible perniciousness of cell phone use while driving than the older
generations. In order to improve the consciousness of potential danger of cell
phone use while driving of young people, especially of those whose ages are
less than 22, we think it is important to educate them and introduce the
potential driving safety threat that would be caused by using cell phones while
driving to them, as early as possible.
Second, 12 out of 13 (92.3%) of our survey participants who
never use cell phones while driving constantly felt it was wrong or dangerous
to use cell phones while driving. This finding we found kept consistent with
what Seo and Torabi had proposed in 2004, in which they said that people who
seldom or never used phones while driving had the strongest attitudes against
cell phone usage while driving. It is good news for us to see we still had some
people, although not a lot, who never used cell phones while driving, and they
had strong attitudes against using phones while driving. As these people
strongly think it is dangerous or wrong to use cell phones while driving, I
think it would be helpful to reduce the increasing highway safety threat, if these
people advise people around them, like their friends, relatives, lovers, etc., to
turn off their phones while driving. One person advice people around
him/her, and then the person who has been advised can continue advising people
around him/her. One by one, this good behavior will be passed on.
Third,
people who did check or use their cell phones while driving would perform
differently under different conditions. We found that when people drove on an
open road they would check or use cell phones more frequently than when they
drove in Lubbock city. This statement confirmed our assumption about the
frequency of people checking their phones when they drove under different
surroundings, although this assumption was just made based on our own
experiences and no reliable references could be found. We think one of the
possible reasons that people behaved so differently on checking their phones
while driving is that they thought it was more safe and relaxed to drive on an
open road, as there were fewer cars and fewer red lights that needed to be paid
attention to, than when driving in Lubbock city. Although we have not come out
with any feasible or useful methods to solve this problem on our own, we get
inspiration from the billboards which were built along the side of the highway
by Lubbock government, which said “DRINK AND DRIVE. GO TO JAIL”. We think it
might also be helpful and could inhibit cell phone use while driving, if the
government built another kind of billboards, which say “USE CELL PHONES AND
DRIVE. DIE”, along the side of the road.
Conclusion
People have become more and more addicted to
using cell phones recently; they feel insecure, unsafe or even annoyed when their
phones are out of service. And what is more dangerous is that people do not put
their phones down while driving. Instead, they continue using their cell phones
for various reasons, such as navigation, texting, calling, listening to music,
etc. And this rapid expansion in the cell phone use in motor vehicles does
potentially constitute a growing highway safety threat. Based on the findings
we found from our survey, we have made these corresponding solutions:
First, we found that younger generations are
less aware of the potential danger of cell phone using while driving than the
older generations. We recommend that it would be really important to educate
teens, whose ages are less than 22, and introduce the potential driving safety
threat that would be caused by using cell phones while driving to them, as
early as possible.
Second, our data showed that people who seldom or never used phones while
driving had the strongest attitudes against cell phone usage while driving. We
highly encourage these people to recommend people around them, like their
friends, relatives, lovers, etc., not to use cell phones while driving.
Third, our survey
participants responded that when they drove on an open road they would check or
use cell phones more frequently than when they drove in Lubbock city. We think
it might be helpful and could inhibit cell phone use while driving, if the
government built more billboards, which says “USE CELL PHONES AND DRIVE. DIE”,
along the side of the road.
Although we only have 229 participants, which is
a small number of participants for a survey, which makes our data not quite
reliable, we still have some valuable findings and have given our best
solutions related to those issues. Further investigations need to be conducted,
more participants will be needed, in order to figure out the source of people’s
addiction to cell phones, and then find out the best way to solve out cell
phone use while driving issues.
Appendix
ESL 5315
Academic Writing Thank you for participating in our survey on cell phones and
intercultural marriages! Feel free to make any comment.
1. ___ M ___
F
2. ___ single
___ married ____ in committed relationship ____ divorced
3. Age
___<18 ___18-22 ___ 23-27 ____28-35 ____ >35
4. (check all
that apply) ___ from Texas ____ from USA, not Texas ____ international
___ from Lubbock ____ from urban area, bigger
than LBK ____ from city or town smaller than LBK ____ from farm, ranch, countryside
5. Describe
your major, occupation or field (check more than one if appropriate)
___ hard sciences ___ math ___
English/rhetoric/literature
___ creative arts ___ design ___ social
sciences ___ other (name) ____________
6. How many
hours do you spend on the cell phone per day?
___ less than 30 minutes ___ 1-2 hours ___ 3-4
hours ___ > 4 hours
7. How many
times do you check your phone in an average 50 minute class?
___ never ___ 1-3 times ____ 4-10 times >10
times ___ constantly
8. What is
usually your purpose of using the cell phone in class?
___ browsing ___ texting ___ checking social
media ___ other _________________________________
9. Do you
feel that checking cell phones in class hurts your grade?
___ Yes ____ No
10. When you
are driving in Lubbock, how often do you check or use your phone?
___ never ___ only when stopped ____
occasionally ___ a lot
11. When you
are driving on the open road, how often do you check or use your phone?
___ never ___ only when stopped ____
occasionally ___ a lot
12. What is
your purpose in using cell phones while driving? Check what applies.
___ GPS ___ texting ___ speaking ___ social
media ____ music ___ never use phone
13. Do you
feel using the phone when driving is wrong or dangerous?
___ always ___ usually _____ often ___
sometimes ___ not generally
14. Do you
think excessive use of cell phone is reducing social interaction?
___ yes ___ no
15. Have you
ever had stress on a date, or difference of opinion on phone use?
___ yes, I used it more than date wanted ___
yes, date used it more than I wanted ___ no
16. Do you
teach parents, aunts & uncles, or grandparents how to use cell phones?
___ Yes ___ No
17. Which do
you generally prefer, texting or calling? ___ texting ___ calling
19. How do
you feel when your cell phone has died? (check what applies)
___ no feeling ___ annoyed ___ insecure ___
unsafe ___ like I’ve lost a limb
20. Has a
cell phone ever caused one of these for you or someone you know?
___ excess stress ___ sleep disorder
21. Do you
use your phone for either of these? Check what’s appropriate.
___ religious purposes ___ banking ___
shopping, i.e. on Amazon
22. Do you
have experience with intercultural/interracial marriage or relationships?
___ no ___ have been in one ___ am in one now
___ grew up in one
23. Would/Did
your parents support your intercultural/interracial marriage?
___ yes ___ no ___ yes with warning or strong
advice
24. Would you
support your child’s intercultural/interracial marriage?
___ yes ___ no ___ yes with warning or strong
advice
25. Do you
feel more supportive of it than your parents?
___ more supportive ____ less supportive ___
about the same
26. Do you
think intercultural marriage is good for society?
___ yes ___ no ___ doesn’t make a difference
27. What do
you think are the most difficult aspects for people in intercultural marriages?
___ religion ___ language differences ___ food
___ other _____________________________________
28. What
kinds of things could cause arguments in intercultural marriages?
___ food ___ religion ___ traditions ___ ways
of communicating ___ other _______
28. What
would you be willing to sacrifice to maintain an intercultural marriage?
(choose as many as apply)
___ nothing ___ some food preferences ___
seeing family as often as I’d like
___ live in the town I’d like best ___ being
able to have the best job or job I’d like
___ having a family of different religion from
mine ___ would sacrifice anything for love
29. What do
you think are the most beneficial aspects of intercultural marriage? (check
what applies)
___ none ___ children have better education
___ become more open-minded
___ learn more about cultures, travel more ___
other (name) ________________________________
30. How would
you characterize children of intercultural/interracial marriages, generally?
Check any.
___ advantaged by being
bilingual/bicultural/biracial
___ advantaged by being more adaptive to
change & cultures
___ teased or ridiculed by other kids
___ more open-minded
___ confused about religion
___ less interested in religion
31. How do
you feel about pastoral counseling for intercultural couples? (Check any that
apply)
___ necessary ___ always helpful ___ sometimes
helpful
___ not helpful ___ might cause more harm than
good
33. If you
are in an intercultural marriage, would you do it again, if you could go to the
past?
___ yes ___ no
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